What does Indirect Theory imply about radiation damage?

The Indirect Theory of radiation damage posits that radiation does not directly cause harm to the DNA within cells; rather, it suggests that radiation interacts with water molecules in the body. When photons (such as X-rays or gamma rays) penetrate cells, they can be absorbed by water, leading to the formation of free radicals. These highly reactive molecules can then cause oxidative stress and damage to cellular components, including DNA, lipids, and proteins.

Thus, the correct answer emphasizes that photons, by being absorbed and producing these toxic free radicals, result in damage to cells—not by a direct hit or immediate impact but through the creation of harmful byproducts that disrupt cellular functions. Understanding this theory is crucial in radiation safety as it highlights the importance of protecting against radiation exposure to minimize indirect effects on health and cellular integrity.