What occurs when x-rays pass through any substance?

When x-rays pass through any substance, ionization occurs, which is a fundamental principle of radiology and radiation safety. Ionization refers to the process in which an atom or molecule loses or gains electrons, resulting in the formation of ions. This happens when x-rays, due to their high energy, interact with the atoms in the material and provide enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from the orbitals of those atoms.

This process is significant because it can lead to various biological effects, depending on the extent of ionization and the type of tissues being exposed. Understanding ionization is crucial in radiation safety, as it helps to gauge the potential risks associated with x-ray exposure and the necessity for protective measures.

The other options do not accurately represent what happens when x-rays interact with matter. X-rays do not amplify substances, reflect off surfaces in a manner similar to visible light, or create new atoms directly. Instead, their primary interaction involves the ionization of atoms, which is central to their use and the precautions necessary in radiation safety practices.